Anatomy Essentials For Dummies by Maggie Norris & Donna Rae Siegfried & Medhane Cumbay

Author:Maggie Norris & Donna Rae Siegfried & Medhane Cumbay
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781119590217
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2019-05-14T00:00:00+00:00

FIGURE 5-2: The inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation) processes.

Seeing how stress affects breathing

Breathing under stress is a bit different from breathing normally. Keep in mind that “stress” just means that an extra physiological demand is being placed on the body. Stress isn’t necessarily negative — whether physical or emotional, stress can be painful or pleasurable, and it’s often both.

No matter how much fun you are or aren’t having, stress increases metabolism. More oxygen is consumed, and more carbon dioxide is produced. Chemoreceptor cells in the carotid arteries and aorta detect an elevated level of carbon dioxide or hydrogen ions and alert your respiratory center. Both inspiration and expiration become active processes. You breathe more deeply and frequently. The intercostal muscles forcefully contract and push more air out of your lungs (this can’t occur during rest). These processes restore homeostasis and support the elevated metabolism.

The forcible exhalation involved in coughing or sneezing is aided by the sudden contraction of the abdominal muscles, raising the abdominal pressure. The rapid increase in pressure pushes the relaxed diaphragm up against the pleural cavity, forcing air out of the lungs.

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